Clermon

Clermon may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Clermon

Kallidinogenase

Kallidinogenase is reported as an ingredient of Clermon in the following countries:

• Japan

International Drug Name Search

Bisoprolol Hemifumarate-Genthon

Bisoprolol Hemifumarate-Genthon may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Bisoprolol Hemifumarate-Genthon

Bisoprolol

Bisoprolol fumarate (a derivative of Bisoprolol) is reported as an ingredient of Bisoprolol Hemifumarate-Genthon in the following countries:

• Luxembourg

International Drug Name Search

Fungos

Fungos may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Fungos

Miconazole

Miconazole nitrate (a derivative of Miconazole) is reported as an ingredient of Fungos in the following countries:

• Chile

International Drug Name Search

Thiopental Gap

Thiopental Gap may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Thiopental Gap

Thiopental

Thiopental Sodium is reported as an ingredient of Thiopental Gap in the following countries:

• Greece

International Drug Name Search

Pronol

Pronol may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Pronol

Naproxen

Naproxen sodium salt (a derivative of Naproxen) is reported as an ingredient of Pronol in the following countries:

• Ecuador

International Drug Name Search

Bisoprolol Arcana

Bisoprolol Arcana may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Bisoprolol Arcana

Bisoprolol

Bisoprolol fumarate (a derivative of Bisoprolol) is reported as an ingredient of Bisoprolol Arcana in the following countries:

• Austria

International Drug Name Search

Logem

Logem may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Logem

Lamotrigine

Lamotrigine is reported as an ingredient of Logem in the following countries:

• New Zealand

International Drug Name Search

Mopérone

Mopérone may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Mopérone

Moperone

Mopérone (DCF) is also known as Moperone (Rec.INN)

International Drug Name Search

Glossary

DCF	Dénomination Commune Française
Rec.INN	Recommended International Nonproprietary Name (World Health Organization)

Click for further information on drug naming conventions and International Nonproprietary Names.

Grisen

Grisen may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Grisen

Griseofulvin

Griseofulvin is reported as an ingredient of Grisen in the following countries:

• Taiwan

International Drug Name Search

Anpiride

Anpiride may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Anpiride

Glimepiride

Glimepiride is reported as an ingredient of Anpiride in the following countries:

• Indonesia

International Drug Name Search

Leprofen

Leprofen may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Leprofen

Anastrozole

Anastrozole is reported as an ingredient of Leprofen in the following countries:

• Argentina

International Drug Name Search

Calciretard

Calciretard may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Calciretard

Amino Acids

Aspartic Acid calcium (a derivative of Aspartic Acid) is reported as an ingredient of Calciretard in the following countries:

• Germany

International Drug Name Search

Geonistin

Geonistin may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Geonistin

Nystatin

Nystatin is reported as an ingredient of Geonistin in the following countries:

• Croatia (Hrvatska)


• Slovenia

Oxytetracycline

Oxytetracycline is reported as an ingredient of Geonistin in the following countries:

• Croatia (Hrvatska)


• Slovenia

International Drug Name Search

Chlorofarm-S

Chlorofarm-S may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Chlorofarm-S

Buflomedil

Buflomedil hydrochloride (a derivative of Buflomedil) is reported as an ingredient of Chlorofarm-S in the following countries:

• Greece

International Drug Name Search

Cetigen

Cetigen may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Cetigen

Cetirizine

Cetirizine dihydrochloride (a derivative of Cetirizine) is reported as an ingredient of Cetigen in the following countries:

• Hungary

International Drug Name Search

Topiramato Dermogen

Topiramato Dermogen may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Topiramato Dermogen

Topiramate

Topiramate is reported as an ingredient of Topiramato Dermogen in the following countries:

• Spain

International Drug Name Search

Metadoxine

ATC (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification)

N07BB

CAS registry number (Chemical Abstracts Service)

0074536-44-0

Chemical Formula

C13-H18-N2-O6

Molecular Weight

298

Therapeutic Category

Hepatoprotective agent

Chemical Name

L-Proline, 5-oxo-, compd. with 5-hydroxy-6-methylpyridine-3,4-dimethanol (1:1)

Foreign Name

• Metadoxin (German)

Generic Name

• Pyridoxine pyrrolidonecarboxylate (IS)

Brand Names

• Abrixone
  Eurodrug, Mexico



• Metadoxil
  Baldacci, Georgia; Baldacci, Italy; Baldacci, Lithuania; Baldacci, Portugal; CSC, Russian Federation; Eurodrug, Colombia; Eurodrug, Hungary

International Drug Name Search

Glossary

IS	Inofficial Synonym

Click for further information on drug naming conventions and International Nonproprietary Names.

Geokorton

Geokorton may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Geokorton

Hydrocortisone

Hydrocortisone is reported as an ingredient of Geokorton in the following countries:

• Croatia (Hrvatska)

Oxytetracycline

Oxytetracycline is reported as an ingredient of Geokorton in the following countries:

• Croatia (Hrvatska)

International Drug Name Search

Flexmed

Flexmed may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Flexmed

Cetirizine

Cetirizine is reported as an ingredient of Flexmed in the following countries:

• Peru

International Drug Name Search

Alin Depot

Alin Depot may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Alin Depot

Dexamethasone

Dexamethasone 21-isonicotinate (a derivative of Dexamethasone) is reported as an ingredient of Alin Depot in the following countries:

• Mexico

International Drug Name Search

Medsatrexate

Medsatrexate may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Medsatrexate

Methotrexate

Methotrexate sodium salt (a derivative of Methotrexate) is reported as an ingredient of Medsatrexate in the following countries:

• Mexico

International Drug Name Search

Atrosol

Atrosol may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Atrosol

Atropine

Atropine sulfate (a derivative of Atropine) is reported as an ingredient of Atrosol in the following countries:

• Turkey

International Drug Name Search

Rheuma

Rheuma may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Rheuma

Aceclofenac

Aceclofenac is reported as an ingredient of Rheuma in the following countries:

• Bangladesh

International Drug Name Search

Enbrel Myclic

Enbrel Myclic may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Enbrel Myclic

Etanercept

Etanercept is reported as an ingredient of Enbrel Myclic in the following countries:

• Germany

International Drug Name Search

Atenolol Labormed

Atenolol Labormed may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Atenolol Labormed

Atenolol

Atenolol is reported as an ingredient of Atenolol Labormed in the following countries:

• Bulgaria

International Drug Name Search

Ponstan

Ponstan may be available in the countries listed below.

UK matches:

• Ponstan Capsules 250mg (SPC)
• Ponstan Forte Tablets 500mg (SPC)

Ingredient matches for Ponstan

Mefenamic Acid

Mefenamic Acid is reported as an ingredient of Ponstan in the following countries:

• Australia


• Belize


• Brazil


• Colombia


• Costa Rica


• Ecuador


• El Salvador


• Finland


• Greece


• Guatemala


• Honduras


• Hong Kong


• India


• Indonesia


• Ireland


• Mexico


• Myanmar


• New Zealand


• Nicaragua


• Oman


• Panama


• Peru


• Philippines


• Portugal


• Singapore


• Sri Lanka


• Switzerland


• Taiwan


• Thailand


• Turkey


• United Kingdom


• Venezuela


• Vietnam

International Drug Name Search

Glossary

SPC	Summary of Product Characteristics (UK)

Click for further information on drug naming conventions and International Nonproprietary Names.

Ketamina Larjan

Ketamina Larjan may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Ketamina Larjan

Ketamine

Ketamine hydrochloride (a derivative of Ketamine) is reported as an ingredient of Ketamina Larjan in the following countries:

• Argentina

International Drug Name Search

Alverine Citrate

Alverine Citrate may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Alverine Citrate

Alverine

Alverine Citrate (BANM, USAN) is also known as Alverine (Rec.INN)

International Drug Name Search

Glossary

BANM	British Approved Name (Modified)
Rec.INN	Recommended International Nonproprietary Name (World Health Organization)
USAN	United States Adopted Name

Click for further information on drug naming conventions and International Nonproprietary Names.

Elopram

Elopram may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Elopram

Citalopram

Citalopram hydrobromide (a derivative of Citalopram) is reported as an ingredient of Elopram in the following countries:

• Italy

Citalopram hydrochloride (a derivative of Citalopram) is reported as an ingredient of Elopram in the following countries:

• Italy

International Drug Name Search

Mammaneopen

Mammaneopen may be available in the countries listed below.

In some countries, this medicine may only be approved for veterinary use.

Ingredient matches for Mammaneopen

Benzylpenicillin

Benzylpenicillin monohydrate (a derivative of Benzylpenicillin) is reported as an ingredient of Mammaneopen in the following countries:

• Switzerland

Neomycin

Neomycin sulfate (a derivative of Neomycin) is reported as an ingredient of Mammaneopen in the following countries:

• Switzerland

International Drug Name Search

Prinzone

In some countries, this medicine may only be approved for veterinary use.

Ingredient matches for Prinzone

Sulfachlorpyridazine

Sulfachlorpyridazine is reported as an ingredient of Prinzone in the following countries:

• United States

International Drug Name Search

Citalopram Alternova

Citalopram Alternova may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Citalopram Alternova

Citalopram

Citalopram hydrobromide (a derivative of Citalopram) is reported as an ingredient of Citalopram Alternova in the following countries:

• Denmark

International Drug Name Search

Estradurin

Estradurin may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Estradurin

Mepivacaine

Mepivacaine hydrochloride (a derivative of Mepivacaine) is reported as an ingredient of Estradurin in the following countries:

• Austria


• Finland


• Norway


• Sweden


• Switzerland

Polyestradiol Phosphate

Polyestradiol Phosphate is reported as an ingredient of Estradurin in the following countries:

• Austria


• Denmark


• Finland


• Latvia


• Norway


• Sweden


• Switzerland

International Drug Name Search

Apo-Fluoxetine

Apo-Fluoxetine may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Apo-Fluoxetine

Fluoxetine

Fluoxetine is reported as an ingredient of Apo-Fluoxetine in the following countries:

• Taiwan

Fluoxetine hydrochloride (a derivative of Fluoxetine) is reported as an ingredient of Apo-Fluoxetine in the following countries:

• Canada


• Czech Republic


• Guyana


• Hungary


• Russian Federation


• Singapore

International Drug Name Search

Evanecia

Evanecia may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Evanecia

Ethinylestradiol

Ethinylestradiol is reported as an ingredient of Evanecia in the following countries:

• France

Levonorgestrel

Levonorgestrel is reported as an ingredient of Evanecia in the following countries:

• France

International Drug Name Search

Ramitren kapsulki

Ramitren kapsulki may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Ramitren kapsulki

Ramipril

Ramipril is reported as an ingredient of Ramitren kapsulki in the following countries:

• Poland

International Drug Name Search

Amlodigamma

Amlodigamma may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Amlodigamma

Amlodipine

Amlodipine is reported as an ingredient of Amlodigamma in the following countries:

• Slovakia

Amlodipine besilate (a derivative of Amlodipine) is reported as an ingredient of Amlodigamma in the following countries:

• Hungary


• Latvia


• Slovenia

Amlodipine mesilate (a derivative of Amlodipine) is reported as an ingredient of Amlodigamma in the following countries:

• Estonia


• Georgia


• Germany


• Lithuania

International Drug Name Search

Ciprofloxacin Hikma

Ciprofloxacin Hikma may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Ciprofloxacin Hikma

Ciprofloxacin

Ciprofloxacin is reported as an ingredient of Ciprofloxacin Hikma in the following countries:

• Bulgaria

Ciprofloxacin lactate (a derivative of Ciprofloxacin) is reported as an ingredient of Ciprofloxacin Hikma in the following countries:

• Austria

International Drug Name Search

Amoxicilina AFSA

Amoxicilina AFSA may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Amoxicilina AFSA

Amoxicillin

Amoxicillin trihydrate (a derivative of Amoxicillin) is reported as an ingredient of Amoxicilina AFSA in the following countries:

• Spain

International Drug Name Search

Tenasil

Tenasil may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Tenasil

Terbinafine

Terbinafine hydrochloride (a derivative of Terbinafine) is reported as an ingredient of Tenasil in the following countries:

• Poland

International Drug Name Search

Copiron

Copiron may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Copiron

Ibuprofen

Ibuprofen is reported as an ingredient of Copiron in the following countries:

• Argentina

International Drug Name Search

F. M.L

F.M.L. may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for F.M.L.

Fluorometholone

Fluorometholone is reported as an ingredient of F.M.L. in the following countries:

• Peru

International Drug Name Search

Angicard

Angicard may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Angicard

Nitroglycerin

Nitroglycerin is reported as an ingredient of Angicard in the following countries:

• Bangladesh

International Drug Name Search

Loperamide Hexal

Loperamide Hexal may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Loperamide Hexal

Loperamide

Loperamide hydrochloride (a derivative of Loperamide) is reported as an ingredient of Loperamide Hexal in the following countries:

• Italy

International Drug Name Search

Tetmosol

Tetmosol may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Tetmosol

Sulfiram

Sulfiram is reported as an ingredient of Tetmosol in the following countries:

• Bahrain


• Brazil


• Cyprus


• Egypt


• India


• Iraq


• Jordan


• Kuwait


• Lebanon


• Libya


• Qatar


• Saudi Arabia


• South Africa


• Syria


• United Arab Emirates


• Yemen

International Drug Name Search

Ramipril Sandoz

Ramipril Sandoz may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Ramipril Sandoz

Ramipril

Ramipril is reported as an ingredient of Ramipril Sandoz in the following countries:

• Australia


• Austria


• Belgium


• Denmark


• Finland


• France


• Germany


• Netherlands


• Portugal


• Spain


• Sweden


• Switzerland

International Drug Name Search

Evra

Evra may be available in the countries listed below.

UK matches:

• Evra transdermal patch (SPC)

Ingredient matches for Evra

Ethinylestradiol

Ethinylestradiol is reported as an ingredient of Evra in the following countries:

• Austria


• Bahrain


• Belgium


• Canada


• Colombia


• Croatia (Hrvatska)


• Czech Republic


• Denmark


• Finland


• France


• Germany


• Greece


• Hong Kong


• Hungary


• Italy


• Luxembourg


• Netherlands


• Norway


• Oman


• Peru


• Poland


• Portugal


• Slovakia


• South Africa


• Spain


• Sweden


• Switzerland


• Taiwan


• Thailand


• United Kingdom


• Venezuela


• Vietnam

Norelgestromin

Norelgestromin is reported as an ingredient of Evra in the following countries:

• Austria


• Bahrain


• Belgium


• Canada


• Colombia


• Croatia (Hrvatska)


• Czech Republic


• Denmark


• Finland


• France


• Germany


• Greece


• Hong Kong


• Hungary


• Italy


• Luxembourg


• Netherlands


• Norway


• Oman


• Peru


• Poland


• Portugal


• Slovakia


• South Africa


• Spain


• Sweden


• Switzerland


• Taiwan


• Thailand


• United Kingdom


• Venezuela


• Vietnam

International Drug Name Search

Glossary

SPC	Summary of Product Characteristics (UK)

Click for further information on drug naming conventions and International Nonproprietary Names.

Emconcor CHF

Emconcor CHF may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Emconcor CHF

Bisoprolol

Bisoprolol fumarate (a derivative of Bisoprolol) is reported as an ingredient of Emconcor CHF in the following countries:

• Finland


• Sweden

International Drug Name Search

Aspegic

Aspegic may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Aspegic

Aspirin

Acetylsalicylic Acid is reported as an ingredient of Aspegic in the following countries:

• Bulgaria


• Ghana


• Kenya


• Nigeria


• Oman


• Tanzania


• Uganda

Acetylsalicylic Acid lysine (a derivative of Acetylsalicylic Acid) is reported as an ingredient of Aspegic in the following countries:

• Belgium


• Hungary


• Luxembourg


• Malta


• Netherlands


• Portugal


• Taiwan


• Vietnam

International Drug Name Search

Piperacillin / Tazobactam Sandoz

Piperacillin/Tazobactam Sandoz may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Piperacillin/Tazobactam Sandoz

Piperacillin

Piperacillin sodium salt (a derivative of Piperacillin) is reported as an ingredient of Piperacillin/Tazobactam Sandoz in the following countries:

• Austria


• Switzerland

Tazobactam

Tazobactam sodium salt (a derivative of Tazobactam) is reported as an ingredient of Piperacillin/Tazobactam Sandoz in the following countries:

• Austria


• Switzerland

International Drug Name Search

Ergotamina

Ergotamina may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Ergotamina

Ergotamine

Ergotamina (DCIT) is known as Ergotamine in the US.

International Drug Name Search

Glossary

DCIT	Denominazione Comune Italiana

Click for further information on drug naming conventions and International Nonproprietary Names.

Rutinoscorbin

Rutinoscorbin may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Rutinoscorbin

Ascorbic Acid

Ascorbic Acid is reported as an ingredient of Rutinoscorbin in the following countries:

• Poland

Rutoside

Rutoside is reported as an ingredient of Rutinoscorbin in the following countries:

• Poland

International Drug Name Search

Flaviston E

Flaviston E may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Flaviston E

Paracetamol

Paracetamol is reported as an ingredient of Flaviston E in the following countries:

• Peru

International Drug Name Search

Loratadine Almus

Loratadine Almus may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Loratadine Almus

Loratadine

Loratadine is reported as an ingredient of Loratadine Almus in the following countries:

• France

International Drug Name Search

Klaricid XL 500mg tablets

1. Name Of The Medicinal Product

Klaricid XL or Clarithromycin 500 mg Modified Release Tablets

2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition

	mg/tablet
Active: Clarithromycin	500.00

3. Pharmaceutical Form

A yellow, ovaloid tablet containing 500mg clarithromycin in a modified-release preparation.

4. Clinical Particulars

4.1 Therapeutic Indications

Consideration should be given to official guidance on the appropriate use of antibacterial agents.

Klaricid XL or Clarithromycin 500 mg Modified Release Tablets are indicated in adults and children 12 years and older.

Klaricid XL or Clarithromycin 500 mg Modified Release Tablets is indicated for treatment of infections caused by susceptible organisms. Indications include:

Lower respiratory tract infections for example, acute and chronic bronchitis, and pneumonia.

Upper respiratory tract infections for example, sinusitis and pharyngitis.

Klaricid XL or Clarithromycin 500 mg Modified Release Tablets is also indicated in skin and soft tissue infections of mild to moderate severity, for example folliculitis, cellulitis and erysipelas.

4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration

Adults: The usual recommended dosage of Klaricid XL or Clarithromycin 500 mg Modified Release Tablets in adults is one 500mg modified-release tablet daily to be taken with food. In more severe infections, the dosage can be increased to two 500mg modified-release tablets daily. The usual duration of treatment is 6 to 14 days.

Children older than 12 years: As for adults.

Children younger than 12 years: Use of Klaricid XL or Clarithromycin 500 mg Modified Release Tablets are not recommended for children younger than 12 years. Clinical trials have been conducted using clarithromycin peadiatric suspension in children 6 months to 12 years of age. Therefore, children under 12 years of age should use clarithromycin peadiatric suspension (granules for oral suspension).

In patients with renal impairment with creatinine clearance less than 30 mL/min, the dosage of clarithromycin should be reduced by one-half, i.e. 250 mg once daily, or 250 mg twice daily in more severe infections. Treatment should not be continued beyond 14 days in these patients. Because the tablet cannot be split, the dose cannot be reduced from 500 mg daily, Klaricid XL or Clarithromycin 500 mg Modified Release Tablets should not be used in this patient population (see section 4.3).

4.3 Contraindications

Klaricid XL or Clarithromycin 500 mg Modified Release Tablets are contra-indicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to macrolide antibiotic drugs or to any of its excipients.

As the dose cannot be reduced from 500mg daily, Klaricid XL or Clarithromycin 500 mg Modified Release Tablets are contraindicated in patients with creatinine clearance less than 30 mL/min. All other formulations may be used in this patient population.

Concomitant administration of clarithromycin and ergotamine or dihydroergotamine is contraindicated, as this may result in ergot toxicity.

Concomitant administration of clarithromycin and any of the following drugs is contraindicated: astemizole, cisapride, pimozide and terfenadine as this may result in QT prolongation and cardiac arrhythmias, including ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and torsades de pointe (see section 4.5).

Clarithromycin should not be given to patients with history of QT prolongation or ventricular cardiac arrhythmia, including torsades de pointe (see sections 4.4 and 4.5).

Clarithromycin should not be used concomitantly with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), lovastatin or simvastatin, due to the risk of rhabdomyolysis. Treatment with these agents should be discontinued during clarithromycin treatment (see section 4.4).

Clarithromycin should not be given to patients with hypokalaemia (risk of prolongation of QT-time).

Clarithromycin should not be used in patients who suffer from severe hepatic failure in combination with renal impairment.

4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use

The physician should not prescribe clarithromycin to pregnant women without carefully weighing the benefits against risk, particularly during the first three months of pregnancy (see section 4.6).

Caution is advised in patients with severe renal insufficiency (see section 4.2).

Clarithromycin is principally excreted by the liver. Therefore caution should be exercised in administering this antibiotic to patients with impaired hepatic function. Caution should also be exercised when administering clarithromycin to patients with moderate to severe renal impairment.

Cases of fatal hepatic failure (see section 4.8) have been reported. Some patients may have had pre-existing hepatic disease or may have been taking other hepatotoxic medicinal products. Patients should be advised to stop treatment and contact their doctor if signs and symptoms of hepatic disease develop, such as anorexia, jaundice, dark urine, pruritus, or tender abdomen.

Pseudomembranous colitis has been reported with nearly all antibacterial agents, including macrolides, and may range in severity from mild to life-threatening. Clostridium difficile- associated diarrhoea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents including clarithromycin, and may range in severity from mild diarrhoea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon, which may lead to overgrowth of C. difficile. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhoea following antibiotic use. Careful medical history is necessary since CDAD has been reported to occur over two months after the administration of antibacterial agents. Therefore, discontinuation of clarithromycin therapy should be considered regardless of the indication. Microbial testing should be performed and adequate treatment initiated. Drugs inhibiting peristalsis should be avoided.

Exacerbation of symptoms of myasthenia gravis has been reported in patients receiving clarithromycin therapy.

There have been post-marketing reports of colchicine toxicity with concomitant use of clarithromycin and colchicine, especially in the elderly, some of which occurred in patients with renal insufficiency. Deaths have been reported in some such patients (see section 4.5). If concomitant administration of colchicine and clarithromycin is necessary, patients should be monitored for clinical symptoms of colchicine toxicity.

Caution is advised regarding concomitant administration of clarithromycin and triazolobenzodiazepines, such as triazolam, and midazolam (see section 4.5).

Caution is advised regarding concomitant administration of clarithromycin with other ototoxic drugs, especially with aminoglycosides. Monitoring of vestibular and auditory function should be carried out during and after treatment.

Due to the risk for QT prolongation, clarithromycin should be used with caution in patients with coronary artery disease, severe cardiac insufficiency, hypomagnesaemia, bradycardia (<50 bpm), or when co-administered with other medicinal products associated with QT prolongation (see section 4.5). Clarithromycin must not be used in patients with congenital or documented acquired QT prolongation or history of ventricular arrhythmia (see section 4.3).

Pneumonia: In view of the emerging resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae to macrolides, it is important that sensitivity testing be performed when prescribing clarithromycin for community-acquired pneumonia. In hospital-acquired pneumonia, clarithromycin should be used in combination with additional appropriate antibiotics.

Skin and soft tissue infections of mild to moderate severity: These infections are most often caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, both of which may be resistant to macrolides. Therefore, it is important that sensitivity testing be performed. In cases where beta–lactam antibiotics cannot be used (e.g. allergy), other antibiotics, such as clindamycin, may be the drug of first choice. Currently, macrolides are only considered to play a role in some skin and soft tissue infections, such as those caused by Corynebacterium minutissimum (erythrasma), acne vulgaris, and erysipelas and in situations where penicillin treatment cannot be used.

In the event of severe acute hypersensitivity reactions, such as anaphylaxis, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis, clarithromycin therapy should be discontinued immediately and appropriate treatment should be urgently initiated.

Clarithromycin should be used with caution when administered concurrently with medications that induce the cytochrome CYP3A4 enzyme (see section 4.5).

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: Concomitant use of clarithromycin with lovastatin or simvastatin is contraindicated (see section 4.3). As with other macrolides, clarithromycin has been reported to increase concentrations of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (see section 4.5). Rare reports of rhabdomyolysis have been reported in patients taking these drugs concomitantly. Patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of myopathy. Rare reports of rhabdomyolysis have also been reported in patients taking atorvastatin or rosuvastatin concomitantly with clarithromycin. When used with clarithromycin, atorvastatin or rosuvastatin should be administered in the lowest possible doses. Adjustment of the statin dose or use of a statin that is not dependent on CYP3A metabolism (e.g. fluvastatin or pravastatin) should be considered.

Oral hypoglycaemic agents/Insulin: The concomitant use of clarithromycin and oral hypoglycaemic agents and/or insulin can result in significant hypoglycaemia. With certain hypoglycaemic drugs such as nateglinide, pioglitazone, repaglinide and rosiglitazone, inhibition of CYP3A enzyme by clarithromycin may be involved and could cause hypoglycaemia when used concomitantly. Careful monitoring of glucose is recommended.

Oral anticoagulants: There is a risk of serious haemorrhage and significant elevations in International Normalized Ratio (INR) and prothrombin time when clarithromycin is co-administered with warfarin (see section 4.5). INR and prothrombin times should be frequently monitored while patients are receiving clarithromycin and oral anticoagulants concurrently.

Use of any antimicrobial therapy, such as clarithromycin, to treat H. pylori infection may select for drug-resistant organisms.

Long-term use may, as with other antibiotics, result in colonisation with increased numbers of non-susceptible bacteria and fungi. If superinfections occur, appropriate therapy should be instituted.

Attention should also be paid to the possibility of cross resistance between clarithromycin and other macrolide drugs, as well as lincomycin and clindamycin.

Patients with rare hereditary problems of fructose intolerance, glucose-galactose malabsorption or sucrase-isomaltase insufficiency should not take this medicine.

4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction

The use of the following drugs is strictly contraindicated due to the potential for severe drug interaction effects:

Cisapride, pimozide, astemizole and terfenadine:

Elevated cisapride levels have been reported in patients receiving clarithromycin and cisapride concomitantly. This may result in QT prolongation and cardiac arrhythmias including ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation and torsades de pointes. Similar effects have been observed in patients taking clarithromycin and pimozide concomitantly (see section 4.3).

Macrolides have been reported to alter the metabolism of terfenadine resulting in increased levels of terfenadine which has occasionally been associated with cardiac arrhythmias, such as QT prolongation, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation and torsades de pointes (see section 4.3). In one study in 14 healthy volunteers, the concomitant administration of clarithromycin and terfenadine resulted in 2- to 3-fold increase in the serum level of the acid metabolite of terfenadine and in prolongation of the QT interval which did not lead to any clinically detectable effect. Similar effects have been observed with concomitant administration of astemizole and other macrolides.

Ergotamine/dihydroergotamine:

Post-marketing reports indicate that co-administration of clarithromycin with ergotamine or dihydroergotamine has been associated with acute ergot toxicity characterized by vasospasm, and ischaemia of the extremities and other tissues including the central nervous system. Concomitant administration of clarithromycin and these medicinal products is contraindicated (see section 4.3).

Effects of Other Medicinal Products on Clarithromycin

Drugs that are inducers of CYP3A (e.g. rifampicin, phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, St John's wort) may induce the metabolism of clarithromycin. This may result in sub-therapeutic levels of clarithromycin leading to reduced efficacy. Furthermore, it might be necessary to monitor the plasma levels of the CYP3A inducer, which could be increased owing to the inhibition of CYP3A by clarithromycin (see also the relevant product information for the CYP3A4 inhibitor administered). Concomitant administration of rifabutin and clarithromycin resulted in an increase in rifabutin, and decrease in clarithromycin serum levels together with an increased risk of uveitis.

The following drugs are known or suspected to affect circulating concentrations of clarithromycin; clarithromycin dosage adjustment or consideration of alternative treatments may be required.

Efavirenz, nevirapine, rifampicin, rifabutin and rifapentine

Strong inducers of the cytochrome P450 metabolism system such as efavirenz, nevirapine, rifampicin, rifabutin, and rifapentine may accelerate the metabolism of clarithromycin and thus lower the plasma levels of clarithromycin, while increasing those of 14-OH-clarithromycin, a metabolite that is also microbiologically active. Since the microbiological activities of clarithromycin and 14-OH-clarithromycin are different for different bacteria, the intended therapeutic effect could be impaired during concomitant administration of clarithromycin and enzyme inducers.

Fluconazole

Concomitant administration of fluconazole 200 mg daily and clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily to 21 healthy volunteers led to increases in the mean steady-state minimum clarithromycin concentration (Cmin) and area under the curve (AUC) of 33% and 18% respectively. Steady state concentrations of the active metabolite 14-OH-clarithromycin were not significantly affected by concomitant administration of fluconazole. No clarithromycin dose adjustment is necessary.

Ritonavir

A pharmacokinetic study demonstrated that the concomitant administration of ritonavir 200 mg every eight hours and clarithromycin 500 mg every 12 hours resulted in a marked inhibition of the metabolism of clarithromycin. The clarithromycin Cmax increased by 31%, Cmin increased 182% and AUC increased by 77% with concomitant administration of ritonavir. An essentially complete inhibition of the formation of 14-OH-clarithromycin was noted. Because of the large therapeutic window for clarithromycin, no dosage reduction should be necessary in patients with normal renal function. However, for patients with renal impairment, the following dosage adjustments should be considered: For patients with CL_CR 30 to 60 mL/min the dose of clarithromycin should be reduced by 50%. For patients with CL_CR <30 mL/min the dose of clarithromycin should be decreased by 75%. Doses of clarithromycin greater than 1 gm/day should not be co-administered with ritonavir.

Similar dose adjustments should be considered in patients with reduced renal function when ritonavir is used as a pharmacokinetic enhancer with other HIV protease inhibitors including atazanavir and saquinavir (see section below, Bi-directional drug interactions)

Effect of Clarithromycin on Other Medicinal Products

CYP3A-based interactions

Co-administration of clarithromycin, known to inhibit CYP3A, and a drug primarily metabolised by CYP3A may be associated with elevations in drug concentrations that could increase or prolong both therapeutic and adverse effects of the concomitant drug. Clarithromycin should be used with caution in patients receiving treatment with other drugs known to be CYP3A enzyme substrates, especially if the CYP3A substrate has a narrow safety margin (e.g. carbamazepine) and/or the substrate is extensively metabolised by this enzyme.

Dosage adjustments may be considered, and when possible, serum concentrations of drugs primarily metabolised by CYP3A should be monitored closely in patients concurrently receiving clarithromycin.

The following drugs or drug classes are known or suspected to be metabolised by the same CYP3A isozyme: alprazolam, astemizole, carbamazepine, cilostazol, cisapride, ciclosporin, disopyramide, ergot alkaloids, lovastatin, methylprednisolone, midazolam, omeprazole, oral anticoagulants (e.g. warfarin), pimozide, quinidine, rifabutin, sildenafil, simvastatin, sirolimus, tacrolimus, terfenadine, triazolam and vinblastine. Drugs interacting by similar mechanisms through other isozymes within the cytochrome P450 system include phenytoin, theophylline and valproate.

Antiarrhythmics

There have been post-marketed reports of torsade de points occurring with the concurrent use of clarithromycin and quinidine or disopyramide. Electrocardiograms should be monitored for QTc prolongation during co-administration of clarithromycin with these drugs. Serum levels of quinidine and disopyramide should be monitored during clarithromycin therapy.

Omeprazole

Clarithromycin (500 mg every 8 hours) was given in combination with omeprazole (40 mg daily) to healthy adult subjects. The steady-state plasma concentrations of omeprazole were increased (C_max, AUC_0-24, and t_1/2 increased by 30%, 89%, and 34%, respectively), by the concomitant administration of clarithromycin. The mean 24-hour gastric pH value was 5.2 when omeprazole was administered alone and 5.7 when omeprazole was co-administered with clarithromycin.

Sildenafil, tadalafil and vardenafil

Each of these phosphodiesterase inhibitors is metabolised, at least in part, by CYP3A, and CYP3A may be inhibited by concomitantly administered clarithromycin. Co-administration of clarithromycin with sildenafil, tadalafil or vardenafil would likely result in increased phosphodiesterase inhibitor exposure. Reduction of sildenafil, tadalafil and vardenafil dosages should be considered when these drugs are co-administered with clarithromycin.

Theophylline, carbamazepine

Results of clinical studies indicate that there was a modest but statistically significant (p

Tolterodine

The primary route of metabolism for tolterodine is via the 2D6 isoform of cytochrome P450 (CYP2D6). However, in a subset of the population devoid of CYP2D6, the identified pathway of metabolism is via CYP3A. In this population subset, inhibition of CYP3A results in significantly higher serum concentrations of tolterodine. A reduction in tolterodine dosage may be necessary in the presence of CYP3A inhibitors, such as clarithromycin in the CYP2D6 poor metaboliser population.

Triazolobenzodiazepines (e.g., alprazolam, midazolam, triazolam)

When midazolam was co-administered with clarithromycin tablets (500 mg twice daily), midazolam AUC was increased 2.7-fold after intravenous administration of midazolam and 7-fold after oral administration. Concomitant administration of oral midazolam and clarithromycin should be avoided. If intravenous midazolam is co-administered with clarithromycin, the patient must be closely monitored to allow dose adjustment. The same precautions should also apply to other benzodiazepines that are metabolised by CYP3A, including triazolam and alprazolam. For benzodiazepines which are not dependent on CYP3A for their elimination (temazepam, nitrazepam, lorazepam), a clinically important interaction with clarithromycin is unlikely.

There have been post-marketing reports of drug interactions and central nervous system (CNS) effects (e.g., somnolence and confusion) with the concomitant use of clarithromycin and triazolam. Monitoring the patient for increased CNS pharmacological effects is suggested.

Other drug interactions

Colchicine

Colchicine is a substrate for both CYP3A and the efflux transporter, P-glycoprotein (Pgp). Clarithromycin and other macrolides are known to inhibit CYP3A and Pgp. When clarithromycin and colchicine are administered together, inhibition of Pgp and/or CYP3A by clarithromycin may lead to increased exposure to colchicine. Patients should be monitored for clinical symptoms of colchicine toxicity (see section 4.4).

Digoxin

Digoxin is thought to be a substrate for the efflux transporter, P-glycoprotein (Pgp). Clarithromycin is known to inhibit Pgp. When clarithromycin and digoxin are administered together, inhibition of Pgp by clarithromycin may lead to increased exposure to digoxin. Elevated digoxin serum concentrations in patients receiving clarithromycin and digoxin concomitantly have also been reported in post marketing surveillance. Some patients have shown clinical signs consistent with digoxin toxicity, including potentially fatal arrhythmias. Serum digoxin concentrations should be carefully monitored while patients are receiving digoxin and clarithromycin simultaneously.

Zidovudine

Simultaneous oral administration of clarithromycin tablets and zidovudine to HIV-infected adult patients may result in decreased steady-state zidovudine concentrations. Because clarithromycin appears to interfere with the absorption of simultaneously administered oral zidovudine, this interaction can be largely avoided by staggering the doses of clarithromycin and zidovudineto allow for a 4-hour interval between each medication. This interaction does not appear to occur in paediatric HIV-infected patients taking clarithromycin suspension with zidovudine or dideoxyinosine. This interaction is unlikely when clarithromycin is administered via intravenous infusion.

Phenytoin and Valproate

There have been spontaneous or published reports of interactions of CYP3A inhibitors, including clarithromycin with drugs not thought to be metabolised by CYP3A (e.g. phenytoin and valproate). Serum level determinations are recommended for these drugs when administered concomitantly with clarithromycin. Increased serum levels have been reported.

Bi-directional drug interactions

Atazanavir

Both clarithromycin and atazanavir are substrates and inhibitors of CYP3A, and there is evidence of a bi-directional drug interaction. Co-administration of clarithromycin (500 mg twice daily) with atazanavir (400 mg once daily) resulted in a 2-fold increase in exposure to clarithromycin and a 70% decrease in exposure to 14-OH-clarithromycin, with a 28% increase in the AUC of atazanavir. Because of the large therapeutic window for clarithromycin, no dosage reduction should be necessary in patients with normal renal function. For patients with moderate renal function (creatinine clearance 30 to 60 mL/min), the dose of clarithromycin should be decreased by 50%. For patients with creatinine clearance <30 mL/min, the dose of clarithromycin should be decreased by 75% using an appropriate clarithromycin formulation. Doses of clarithromycin greater than 1000 mg per day should not be co-administered with protease inhibitors.

Itraconazole

Both clarithromycin and itraconazole are substrates and inhibitors of CYP3A, leading to a bidirectional drug interaction. Clarithromycin may increase the plasma levels of itraconazole, while itraconazole may increase the plasma levels of clarithromycin. Patients taking itraconazole and clarithromycin concomitantly should be monitored closely for signs or symptoms of increased or prolonged pharmacologic effect.

Saquinavir

Both clarithromycin and saquinavir are substrates and inhibitors of CYP3A, and there is evidence of a bi-directional drug interaction. Concomitant administration of clarithromycin (500 mg twice daily) and saquinavir (soft gelatin capsules, 1200 mg three times daily) to 12 healthy volunteers resulted in steady-state AUC and C_max values of saquinavir which were 177% and 187% higher than those seen with saquinavir alone. Clarithromycin AUC and C_max values were approximately 40% higher than those seen with clarithromycin alone. No dose adjustment is required when the two drugs are co-administered for a limited time at the doses/formulations studied. Observations from drug interaction studies using the soft gelatin capsule formulation may not be representative of the effects seen using the saquinavir hard gelatin capsule. Observations from drug interaction studies performed with saquinavir alone may not be representative of the effects seen with saquinavir/ritonavir therapy. When saquinavir is co-administered with ritonavir, consideration should be given to the potential effects of ritonavir on clarithromycin.

Verapamil

Hypotension, bradyarrhythmias and lactic acidosis have been observed in patients taking clarithromycin and verapamil concomitantly.

Clarithromycin has been shown not to interact with oral contraceptives.

4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation

The safety of clarithromycin during pregnancy and breast feeding of infants has not been established. Based on variable results obtained from studies in mice, rats, rabbits and monkeys, the possibility of adverse effects on embryofoetal development cannot be excluded. Therefore, use during pregnancy is not advised without carefully weighing the benefits against risk. Clarithromycin is excreted into human breast milk.

4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines

There are no data on the effect of clarithromycin on the ability to drive or use machines. The potential for dizziness, vertigo, confusion and disorientation, which may occur with the medication, should be taken into account before patients drive or use machines.

4.8 Undesirable Effects

a. Summary of the safety profile

The most frequent and common adverse reactions related to clarithromycin therapy for both adult and peadiatric populations are abdominal pain, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting and taste perversion. These adverse reactions are usually mild in intensity and are consistent with the known safety profile of macrolide antibiotics (see section b of section 4.8).

There was no significant difference in the incidence of these gastrointestinal adverse reactions during clinical trials between the patient population with or without pre-existing mycobacterial infections.

b. Tabulated summary of adverse reactions

The following table displays adverse reactions reported in clinical trials and from post-marketing experience with clarithromycin immediate-release tablets, granules for oral suspension, powder for solution for injection, extended-release tablets and modified-release tablets.

The reactions considered at least possibly related to clarithromycin are displayed by system organ class and frequency using the following convention: very common (

System Organ Class	Very common	Common	Uncommon	Not Known (cannot be estimated from the available data)
Infections and infestations			Cellulitis1, candidiasis, gastroenteritis2, infection3, vaginal infection	Pseudomembranous colitis, erysipelas, erythrasma
Blood and lymphatic system			Leukopenia, neutropenia4, thrombocythaemia3, eosinophilia4	Agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia
Immune system disorders5			Anaphylactoid reaction1, hypersensitivity	Anaphylactic reaction
Metabolism and nutrition disorders			Anorexia, decreased appetite	Hypoglycaemia6
Psychiatric disorders		Insomnia	Anxiety, nervousness3, screaming3	Psychotic disorder, confusional state, depersonalisation, depression, disorientation, hallucination, abnormal dreams
Nervous system disorders		Dysgeusia, headache, taste perversion	Loss of consciousness1, dyskinesia1, dizziness, somnolence7, tremor	Convulsion, ageusia, parosmia, anosmia
Ear and labyrinth disorders			Vertigo, hearing impaired, tinnitus	Deafness
Cardiac disorders			Cardiac arrest1, atrial fibrillation1, electrocardiogram QT prolonged8, extrasystoles1, palpitations	Torsade de pointes8, ventricular tachycardia8
Vascular disorders		Vasodilation1		Haemorrhage9
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorder			Asthma1, epistaxis2, pulmonary embolism1
Gastrointestinal disorders		Diarrhoea10, vomiting, dyspepsia, nausea, abdominal pain	Esophagitis1, gastrooesophageal reflux disease2, gastritis, proctalgia2, stomatitis, glossitis, abdominal distension4, constipation, dry mouth, eructation, flatulence,	Pancreatitis acute, tongue discolouration, tooth discoloration
Hepatobiliary disorders		Liver function test abnormal	Cholestasis4, hepatitis4, alanine aminotransferase increased, aspartate aminotransferase increased, gamma-glutamyltransferase increased4	Hepatic failure11, jaundice hepatocellular
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders		Rash, hyperhidrosis	Dermatitis bullous1, pruritus, urticaria, rash maculo-papular3	Stevens-Johnson syndrome5, toxic epidermal necrolysis5, drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), acne
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders			Muscle spasms3, musculoskeletal stiffness1, myalgia2	Rhabdomyolysis2,12, myopathy
Renal and urinary disorders			Blood creatinine increased1, blood urea increased1	Renal failure, nephritis interstitial
General disorders and administration site conditions	Injection site phlebitis1	Injection site pain1, injection site inflammation1	Malaise4, pyrexia3, asthenia, chest pain4, chills4, fatigue4
Investigations			Albumin globulin ratio abnormal1, blood alkaline phosphatase increased4, blood lactate dehydrogenase increased4	International normalised ratio increased9, prothrombin time prolonged9, urine color abnormal

¹ ADRs reported only for the Powder for Solution for Injection formulation

²ADRs reported only for the Extended-Release Tablets formulation

³ ADRs reported only for the Granules for Oral Suspension formulation

⁴ ADRs reported only for the Immediate-Release Tablets formulation

^5,8,10,11,12See section a)

^6,7,9See section c)

c. Description of selected adverse reactions

Injection site phlebitis, injection site pain, vessel puncture site pain, and injection site inflammation are specific to the clarithromycin intravenous formulation.

In very rare instances, hepatic failure with fatal outcome has been reported and generally has been associated with serious underlying diseases and/or concomitant medications (see section 4.4).

A special attention to diarrhoea should be paid as Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents including clarithromycin, and may range in severity from mild diarrhoea to fatal colitis. (see section 4.4)

In the event of severe acute hypersensitivity reactions, such as anaphylaxis, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, clarithromycin therapy should be discontinued immediately and appropriate treatment should be urgently initiated (see section 4.4).

As with other macrolides, QT prolongation, ventricular tachycardia, and torsade de pointes have rarely been reported with clarithromycin (see section 4.4 and 4.5).

Pseudomembranous colitis has been reported with nearly all antibacterial agents, including clarithromycin, and may range in severity from mild to life threatening. Therefore, it is important to consider this diagnosis in patients who present with diarrhoea subsequent to the administration of antibacterial agents (see section 4.4).

In some of the reports of rhabdomyolysis, clarithromycin was administered concomitantly with statins, fibrates, colchicine or allopurinol (see section 4.3 and 4.4).

There have been post-marketing reports of colchicine toxicity with concomitant use of clarithromycin and colchicine, especially in elderly and/or patients with renal insufficiency, some with a fatal outcome. (see sections 4.4 and 4.5).

There have been rare reports of hypoglycaemia, some of which have occurred in patients on concomitant oral hypoglycaemic agents or insulin (see section 4.4 and 4.5).

There have been post-marketing reports of drug interactions and central nervous system (CNS) effects (e.g. somnolence and confusion) with the concomitant use of clarithromycin and triazolam. Monitoring the patient for increased CNS pharmacological effects is suggested (see section 4.5).

There is a risk of serious haemorrhage and significant elevations in INR and prothrombin time when clarithromycin is co-administered with warfarin. INR and prothrombin times should be frequently monitored while patients are receiving clarithromycin and oral anticoagulants concurrently (see section 4.4 and 4.5).

There have been rare reports of clarithromycin ER tablets in the stool, many of which have occurred in patients with anatomic (including ileostomy or colostomy) or functional gastrointestinal disorders with shortened GI transit times. In several reports, tablet residues have occurred in the context of diarrhoea. It is recommended that patients who experience tablet residue in the stool and no improvement in their condition should be switched to a different clarithromycin formulation (e.g. suspension) or another antibiotic.

Special population: Adverse Reactions in Immunocompromised Patients (see section e)

d. Paediatric populations

Clinical trials have been conducted using clarithromycin paediatric suspension in children 6 months to 12 years of age. Therefore, children under 12 years of age should use clarithromycin paediatric suspension. There are insufficient data to recommend a dosage regimen for use of the clarithromycin IV formulation in patients less than 18 years of age.

Frequency, type and severity of adverse reactions in children are expected to be the same as in adults.

e. Other special populations

Immunocompromised patients

In AIDS and other immunocompromised patients treated with the higher doses of clarithromycin over long periods of time for mycobacterial infections, it was often difficult to distinguish adverse events possibly associated with clarithromycin administration from underlying signs of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) disease or intercurrent illness.

In adult patients, the most frequently reported adverse reactions by patients treated with total daily doses of 1000 mg and 2000mg of clarithromycin were: nausea, vomiting, taste perversion, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, rash, flatulence, headache, constipation, hearing disturbance, Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) and Serum Glutamic Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT) elevations. Additional low-frequency events included dyspnoea, insomnia and dry mouth. The incidences were comparable for patients treated with 1000mg and 2000mg, but were generally about 3 to 4 times as frequent for those patients who received total daily doses of 4000mg of clarithromycin.

In these immunocompromised patients, evaluations of laboratory values were made by analysing those values outside the seriously abnormal level (i.e. the extreme high or low limit) for the specified test. On the basis of these criteria, about 2% to 3% of those patients who received 1000mg or 2000mg of clarithromycin daily had seriously abnormal elevated levels of SGOT and SGPT, and abnormally low white blood cell and platelet counts. A lower percentage of patients in these two dosage groups also had elevated Blood Urea Nitrogen levels. Slightly higher incidences of abnormal values were noted for patients who received 4000mg daily for all parameters except White Blood Cell.

4.9 Overdose

Reports indicate that the ingestion of large amounts of clarithromycin can be expected to produce gastro-intestinal symptoms. One patient who had a history of bipolar disorder ingested 8 grams of clarithromycin and showed altered mental status, paranoid behaviour, hypokalaemia and hypoxaemia.

Adverse reactions accompanying overdosage should be treated by the prompt elimination of unabsorbed drug and supportive measures. As with other macrolides, clarithromycin serum levels are not expected to be appreciably affected by haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis.

5. Pharmacological Properties

5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties

ATC classification

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Anti-infectious, ATC code: J01FA09.

Mode of Action

Clarithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin A. It exerts its antibacterial action by binding to the 50s ribosomal sub-unit of susceptible bacteria and suppresses protein synthesis. It is highly potent against a wide variety of aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of clarithromycin are generally two-fold lower than the MICs of erythromycin.

The 14-hydroxy met

Fluconazol-Isis

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Fluconazole

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Metenolone

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